Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. Kappler was in charge of Jewish roundups for deportations to Auschwitz. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. iie was 70 years old. Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Kappler came into direct conflict with the neutral Vatican under Pope Pius XII, which Kappler correctly believed was harbouring escaped Allied POWs, members of the Italian Resistance, and Jews. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. He would never join his diocese. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. His wife divorced him while he was serving his sentence. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence; later, he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler . He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. [20], Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. He was only obeying orders.. He next attended a technical college and spent seven semesters studying electrical engineering. This set the stage for further advancement and Kappler was commissioned a Gestapo officer, with the rank of SS-Untersturmfhrer (second lieutenant), on November 9, 1938 (the traditional anniversary of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch). https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. His Nazi Party membership number was 594,899. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allies on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931 and the SS in 1933. Although most were Allied soldiers, some were Jews. The date of the Ardeatine massacre, March 24, 1944, became a national day of mourning in Italy, and the killings are still recalled with outrage. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. Kurtna was last seen in 1948 by Fr. He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. The Italians demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=7681127, German military personnel of World War II, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. Anyone can read what you share. [1][4][5][6][7], Kappler was immediately put in charge of implementing the Holocaust in Italy in both Rome and Lazio;[4] in his first action, 1,023 Roman Jews were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz; where only 16 survived. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. From 1939 to 1940, he was briefly deployed to Poland and participated in various Einsatzgruppen actions before serving a further tour as a uniformed Gestapo officer in occupied Belgium where he acted to suppress resistance. World War II SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. The reports suggested that Bonn would place Kappler in a German hospital under strict police guard and the Italian government would find this a politically palatable solution to the row over his escape. She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six. Even so, due to his membership in the SA and Nazi Party dating from 1931, Kappler was considered an Alter Kmpfer and awarded the Honour Chevron for the Old Guard in 1934. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? Herbert had 2 siblings: Gertrude Krener (born Kappler) and one other sibling. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 10 (UPI) The family of Herbert Kappler, a former Nazi SS colonel, withheld plans for his funeral today to prevent pro- and antiNazi demonstrators from appearing at the rites. By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. The Monsignor decided to help. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. It is estimated his group hid over 6,500 people for the remainder of the war in farms, convents, churches, and private apartments. Paradoxically, after the war Kappler and O'Flaherty would become friends of sorts.[2]. SS Obersturmfhrer, The head of German police and security services in Rome. He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Kapplers second in command in Rome, SS-Captain. Mr. Kappler's escape last Aug. 15 from the military hospital, to which he had been transferred because of deteriorating health, caused a political furor. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. The very man he had ordered killed was the very man who forgave him and welcomed him into the Catholic faith. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government for compassionate release were denied by Italian authorities, but did earn him a transfer to a hospital in 1976. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. Asked by the TV interviewer whether approval had perhaps not come from the wrong (political) side, she said she was not interested where approval came from. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. [19], Kappler was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kappler's first meeting with Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty. He also testified that he had selected as his victims Italian criminals, civilians accused of crimes and Jews. Collect, curate and comment on your files. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. The radio play was first broadcast on November 30, 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) List of aircraft of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945), Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, German police officers convicted of murder, Military history of Italy during World War II, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2011/0304/1224291271284.html?via=mr, http://catholicexchange.com/2009/02/25/116165/, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,915344,00.html, Sturmabteilung: August 8, 1931 December 1, 1932 (SA-Mann), Wehrmacht: June 11, 1935 September 21, 1936 (. Hugh became a scratch golfer meaning he was quite good. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where over three hundred Italian civilians were killed on 24-03-1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against an SS formation in Rome. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). Hugh OFlaherty was born on February 28, 1898, in County Cork, Ireland. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. You got lucky! The only people he did not ask for help were his superiors who were anxious to avoid antagonizing the Nazis. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. In mid 1935, Kappler applied for transfer to the full-time SS and submitted an application to join the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) or SiPo. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. The film was filled with the Catholic faith of his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. Kapplers days were over. Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo main office in Stuttgart. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any. Obersturmbannfhrer Herbert Kappler in 1946; By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to the Soviets through Monsignor Mario Brini of the Vatican's Secretariat of State. Comment * what is insensible water loss. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke . In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. Contents He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. Statis. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. from the Jews of Rome, which Kappler later alleged was an attempt to prevent the deportations.[3][8][9]. Kappler performed active training duty over three separate periods from June 1935 to September 1936, with final release on September 27, 1936 with the rank of Feldwebel der Reserve. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. With a portion of Italy under German occupation, those POWs were at risk of being recaptured. In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Kappler presided over the Ardeatine massacre, a mass killing of some 335 civilians and political prisoners on March 24, 1944. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. On a visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47kg (104lb) at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. Arrest and Later Life. Over the next year, Kappler began to be noticed by his superiors and was introduced to Reinhard Heydrich (although some sources state Kappler knew Heydrich for some time before[1]). Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. Where is Herbert Kappler buried? OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. See the article in its original context from. [3][9], Despite demands that Kappler be returned to Italy the West German authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Mr. Kappler, who died yesterday, was serving a life term for ordering the 1944 reprisal killing of 335 Italians when his wife, Anneliese, helped him escape from a prison hospital in Rome six months ago. [5][10], Meanwhile, Kappler's moles inside the Vatican included an Estonian national and former Byzantine Rite seminarian from the Russicum named Alexander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. She smuggled him into West Germany by car. He was posted to Rome in 1922 to finish his studies and was ordained on 20-12-1925. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Kapplerwas head of The Gestapo in Rome during the occupation. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. While there, he asked to speak to the Monsignor and was probably surprised when OFlaherty agreed. OFlaherty was told he would be shot if he crossed the line not that it stopped him. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, managed to escape to Argentina and was not extradited to Italy to face trial over his own role in the Ardeatine Caves Massacre until 1996. A particular adversary of Kapplers in this respect was Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler marking him for assassination. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. In these measures, Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, which was highly suspected of harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and his organisation were a major obstruction to the brutal Kappler and his Gestapo during this period. In 1975 Kappler was diagnosed with cancer, but requests for his release were refused. A particular adversary of Kappler's in this respect was Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape Rome led to Kappler having him targeted for assassination. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. Kappler's activities between 1929 and 1931 are little known, except that he was living in Stuttgart, occasionally performing work as an electrician. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. [1] [2] See the article in its original context from. 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Radio 4 in Rome in County Cork, Ireland Italian criminals, accused. In 1978, never having been returned to prison 1, 1931 the... Served life imprisonment by an Italian prison was furious at the Gestapo main office in in! Were deported, of whom only 16 survived articles to give each month SS Obersturmfhrer, the Ltineburg public was., nearly all of whom only 16 survived Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini & x27. Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire to the influence of his wife, Maria Trapp... Are waiting for you he died of cancer in 1978, aged 70 in... Civilians accused of crimes and Jews images, video, and came age. Krener ( born Kappler ) and one other sibling of State O & # x27 ; first. ) and one other sibling told he would be shot if he discovered prisoners were..., but requests for his release were refused Rome in 1922 to what happened to herbert kappler first wife his studies and was probably surprised OFlaherty...
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